FSUE «NAMI»
State Research Center of the Russian Federation
2, Avtomotornaya st
FSUE «NAMI»
State Research Center of the Russian Federation
2, Avtomotornaya st
Автор(ы):
Kulikov I.A., PhD (Eng)
head of power unit simulation sector, Centre “Power units”1
Karpukhin K.E., PhD (Eng)
project director1
Kurmaev R.Kh., PhD (Eng)
leading specialist, Centre “Power units”1
Ivanov V.G., Dr.-Ing. habil., D.Sc., PhD (Eng)
head of Automotive Engineering Group2
Affiliated:
1Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute” (FSUE “NAMI”), Moscow 125438, Russian Federation
2Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau 98693, Germany
For citation:
Kulikov I.A., Karpukhin K.E., Kurmaev R.Kh., Ivanov V.G. [X-in-the-Loop technology for research and development of electric vehicles]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 2 (285), pp. 6–14. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-2-6-14. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.06.01
Published:
2021.06.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The article describes an X-in-the-Loop system intended for cyber-physical tests of electric vehicle’s chassis components. The system allows connecting and synchronizing laboratories located in different geographic regions.
The purpose of the study is to elaborate an X-in-the-Loop system allowing to perform geographically scattered cyber-physical testing of the components belonging to an electric vehicle chassis.
Methodology and research methods. The elaboration of the X-in-the-Loop system involves methods of cyber-physical testing whose functionality is extended by means of connecting and synchronizing the tested objects via a global network.
Scientific novelty and results. A new research and development technology has been proposed for electric vehicles allowing for cooperation of geographically scattered laboratories within a real-time coherent environment that synchronizes tests of the electric vehicle components (both hardware and software) belonging to those laboratories.
The practical significance. The proposed technology provides researchers and developers in the field of electric vehicles with advanced cyber-physical tools allowing them to increase the effectiveness of their cooperative work and shorten the time needed for producing development or research results.
Key words:
electric vehicle
chassis components
cyber-physical testing
X-in-the-Loop
References:
1. Yin D., Hori Y. A Novel Traction Control without Chassis Velocity for Electric Vehicles // World Electr. Veh. J. – 2009. – No. 3 (2). – P. 282–288.
2. Núñez J.S., Muñoz L.E. Conceptual Design and Simulation of the Traction Control System of a High Performance Electric Vehicle / Proceedings of the ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. – 2013.
3. Braghin F., Sabbioni E., Sironi G., Vignati M. A Feedback Control Strategy for Torque-Vectoring of IWM Vehicles / Proceedings of the ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. – 2014.
4. Hou R., Zhai L., Sun T. Steering Stability Control for a Four Hub-Motor Independent-Drive Electric Vehicle with Varying Adhesion Coefficient // Energies. – 2018. – 11 (9), 2438.
5. Yang K., Dong D., Ma C., Tian Z., Chang Y., Wang G. Stability Control for Electric Vehicles with Four In-Wheel-Motors Based on Sideslip Angle // World Electr. Veh. J. – 2021. – 12 (1), 42.
6. Kulikov I., Karpukhin K., Kurmaev R. X-in-the-Loop Testing of a Thermal Management System Intended for an Electric Vehicle with In-Wheel Motors // Energies. – 2020. – 13, 6452.
7. Ricciardi V., Ivanov V., Dhaens M., Vandersmissen B., Geraerts M., Savitski D., Augsburg K. Ride Blending Control for Electric Vehicles // World Electr. Veh. J. – 2019. – 10, 36.
8. Brest J-S., Gimbert Y. Influence of In-Wheel Motors Weight on a Swing-Arm Dynamic, Evaluation of Ride Comfort and Handling // World Electr. Veh. Journal. – 2016. – No. 8 (1). – P. 112–121.
9. Gusakov N.V., Zverev I.N., Karunin A.L. et al. [Vehicle design. Chassis. Ed. by Karunin A.L.]. Moscow, MGTU “MAMI” Publ., 2000, pp. 239–242. (In Russian)
10. Куликов И.А. Совершенствование средств создания и исследования автомобилей с комбинированными энергоустановками с помощью технологий виртуально-физических испытаний: дисс. … канд. техн. наук. – М.: ФГУП "НАМИ", 2016. – С. 45–63.
11. Kaup C., Pels T., Ebner P., Ellinger R. et al. Systematic Development of Hybrid Systems for Commercial Vehicles // SAE Technical Paper. – 2011. – 2011-28-0064.
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14. Tibba G., Malz C., Stoermer C., Nagarajan N., Zhang L., Chakraborty S. Testing Automotive Embedded Systems under X-in-the-loop Setups // Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD’16). – 2016.
15. Gao H., Zhang T., Chen H., Zhao Z., Song K. Application of the X-in-the-Loop Testing Method in the FCV Hybrid Degree Test // Energies. – 2018. – 11, 433.
16. Albers A., You Y., Klingler S., Behrendt M., Zhang T., Song K. A New Validation Concept for Globally Distributed Multidisciplinary Product Development // Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. – 2013. – P. 231–242.
17. Schreiber V., Ivanov V., Augsburg K., Noack M., Shyrokau B., Sandu C., Els P S. Shared and Distributed X-in-the-Loop Tests for Automotive Systems: Feasibility Study // IEEE Access. – 2018. – 6. – P. 4017–4026.
18. Augsburg K., Gramstat S., Horn R., Ivanov V. et al. Investigation of Brake Control Using Test Rig-in-the-Loop Technique // SAE Technical Paper. – 2011. – 2011-01-2372.
19. Van Doornik J., Brems W., de Vries E., Uhlmann R. Driving Simulator with High Platform Performance and Low Latency // ATZ Worldw. – 2018. – 120. – P. 48–53.
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Author(s):
Kotiev G.O., D.Sc. (Eng), professor1
Petyukov A.V., PhD (Eng)1
Gonsales Astua A.V., student1
Affiliated:
1Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russian Federation
For citation:
Kotiev G.O., Petyukov A.V., Gonsales Astua A.V. [Experimental-theoretical method for studying the vehicle airbag modules functioning]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 2 (285), pp. 15–24. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-2-15-24. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.03.01
Published:
2021.06.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The airbag belongs to the passive vehicle safety system (SRS – Supplementary Restraint System) and is the most important (together with the seat belt) restraint system that protects the driver and passengers in a collision with static or moving objects. The main task of the SRS is to minimize injuries to the driver and passengers and reduce deaths in various road traffic accidents. For the development and testing of modern high-tech airbag modules, it is necessary to have informative theoretical and experimental methods for studying the non-stationary processes of their functioning.
The purpose of the study was to develop an experimental-theoretical research method based on modern highly informative tools of experimental physics of fast processes and numerical methods for continuous media dynamics.
Methodology and research methods. To study the functioning dynamics of vehicle airbag modules, an experimental method for determining the kinematic and acoustic parameters has been developed and implemented, and a mathematical model of an airbag functioning process has been formulated and implemented in the LS-DYNA environment with the help of corpuscular particles method.
Scientific novelty and results. The created experimental-theoretical method allowed both to simulate the functioning processes of the developed and tested airbag modules, and to carry out field tests of these modules. In addition, the experiment made it possible to carry out a detailed verification of the numerical method for calculating the airbag operation, on the basis of which it was also possible to perform numerical calculations interaction of the airbag and an anthropometric dummy model.
Practical significance. The developed method for studying the processes of airbag modules functioning is an important and necessary component of creating a scientific, technical and experimental base for the development and production of passive safety systems.
Key words:
passive safety system
airbag module
gas generator
high-speed filming
corpuscular particles method
References:
1. Filippov Yu.V., Voznyuk V.A., Ivanova S.A. [Gasinflated safety cushion for vehicle users]. Patent RF, no. 2025334, 1992. (In Russian)
2. Balabin I.V., Bogdanov V.V. [Airbag as the element of constructive safety and its main evolutionary stages of incorporation in the vehicle’s design]. Avtomobil’naya promyshlennost’, 2019, no. 2, pp. 21–25. (In Russian)
3. Balabin I.V., Bogdanov V.V. [Design of airbags and basic principles response its mechanism]. Avtomobil’naya promyshlennost’, 2019, no. 4, pp. 15–18. (In Russian)
4. Uniform provisions concerning the approval of: I. An airbag module for a replacement airbag system; II. A replacement steering wheel equipped with an airbag module of an approved type; III. A replacement airbag system other than that installed in a steering wheel. Addendum 113: UN Regulation No. 114, 2003.
5. ISO 12097-2: 1996. Road vehicles – Airbag components – Part 2: Testing of airbag modules 6. Selivanov V.V., Levin D.P. [Non-Lethal Weapons: A Textbook for Higher Education]. Moscow, BMSTU Publ., 2017. 356 p.
7. Gurin A.A., Malyy P.S., Savenko S.K. [Shock waves in mine workings]. Moscow, Nedra Publ., 1983. 152 p. (In Russian)
8. Mel’nikov V.E. [Modern pyrotechnics]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2014. 480 p. (In Russian)
9. Rouch P. [Computational hydrodynamics. Transl. from English]. Moscow, Mir Publ., 1980. 616 p. (In Russian)
10. [Explosion physics: In 2 volumes, 3rd ed. Ed. By Orlenko L.P.]. Moscow, Fizmatlit Publ., 2004. Vol. 1, 832 p. Vol. 2, 656 p. (In Russian)
11. Babkin A.V., Kolpakov V.I., Okhitin V.N., Selivanov V.V. [Numerical methods in problems of physics of fast processes. Ed. by Selivanov V.V.]. Moscow, BMSTU Publ., 2006. 520 p. (In Russian)
12. Hallquist J.O. LS-DYNA Theory Manual. Livermore: Livermore Software Technology Corporation, 2019. 886 p.
13. Borrvall T., Ehle C., Stratton T. A Fabric Material Model with Stress Map Functionality in LS-DYNA. 10th European LS-DYNA Conference, 2015.
14. Olovsson L. Corpuscular method for airbag deployment simulations in LS-DYNA. Report R32S-1 IMPETUSafea AB., 2007. 80 p.
15. Hirth A., Haufe A., Olovsson L. Airbag simulation with LS-DYNA past – present – future. 6th European LS-DYNA Users’ Conference, 2007.
16. Wang J., Teng H. The Recent Progress and Potential Applications of CPM Particle Method in LS-DYNA. LS-DYNA Forum, Bamberg, 2010.
17. Yang F., Beadle M. CAE Analysis of Passenger Airbag Bursting through Instrumental Panel Based on Corpuscular Particle Method. 10th European LS-DYNA Conference, 2015.
Author(s):
Chelnokov V.G.,1
Savel’ev B.V., PhD (Eng), associate professor2
Affiliated:
1“Ispytatel’nyy tsentr” LLC, Chelyabinsk 454053, Russian Federation
2Department “Vehicles, structural materials and technologies”, Siberian State Automobile and Highway University, Omsk 644080, Russian Federation
For citation:
Chelnokov V.G., Savel’ev B.V. [Rotating bending load tests of wheels. Methodological errors]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 2 (285), pp. 25–33. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-2-25-33. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.03.18
Published:
2021.06.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Wheels are components that ensure the safety of vehicles. One of the main ways to test the fatigue strength of wheels is a rotating bending load test. The methodology of these tests, regulated by international and national regulatory documents, allows an indirect method for measuring the normalized force effect on the wheels, in which there are always risks of methodological errors.
The purpose of the study was to identify potential sources of methodological errors when testing wheels in the bending-rotating mode.
Methodology and research methods. Analytical research methods from the field of practical vibration theory were used in the article, considering the critical state of rotating shafts and rotors.
Scientific novelty and results. The sources of potential methodological errors and their relationship with the design characteristics of the bench equipment and the wheel itself were determined.
Practical significance. Practical recommendations have been given on the change and control of the stand components design characteristics aimed at minimizing errors. The high-speed test modes were determined, in which the error of the test effect on the wheel did not go beyond the normative limits.
Key words:
technical regulation
testing
vehicle wheels
methodological errors
References:
1. UN Regulation no. 124 Uniform provisions concerning the approval of wheels for passenger cars and their trailers.
2. [GOST 33544-2015. Motor vehicles. Wheel disc. Technical requirements and test methods]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2016. 31 p. (In Russian)
3. [GOST 30599-2017. Light alloy wheels for pneumatic tyres. Technical requirements and test methods]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2018. 22 p. (In Russian)
4. [GOST R 53824-2010. Vehicles. Not-folding wheels. Technical requirements and test methods]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2011. 28 p. (In Russian)
5. Vakhromeev A.M., Batrak N.I. [Methodological features of certification tests for wheel fatigue of passenger cars]. Zhurnal avtomobil’nykh inzhenerov, 2007, no. 4 (45), pp. 22–26. (In Russian)
6. [Autotractor wheels. Directory. Ed. by Balabin I.V.]. Moscow, Mashinostroenie Publ., 1985. 272 p. (In Russian)
7. Savel’ev G.V. [Vheel wheels]. Moscow, Mashinostroenie Publ., 1983. 151 p. (In Russian)
8. Panovko Ya.G. [Fundamentals of applied vibration and impact theory]. Leningrad, Mashinostroenie Publ., 1976. 320 p. (In Russian)
9. [Metal constructions. Vol. 3. Steel structures. Aluminum alloy constructions. Designer handbook. Ed. by Kuznetsov V.V.]. Moscow, ASV Publ., 1999. 528 p. (In Russian)
10. [GOST 25.101-83. Strength calculation and testing. Representation of random loading of machine elements and structures and statistical evaluation of results]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 1983. 21 p. (In Russian
11. [OST 1 00149-82. Aircraft control systems hydraulic drives. Calculation of accelerated test modes]. Moscow, 1982. 81 p. (In Russian)
Author(s):
Malinovsky M.P., PhD (Eng), associate professor1
Affiliated:
1Department of haulers and amphibious machines, Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI), Moscow 125319, Russian Federation
For citation:
Malinovsky M.P. [Development of a geometric slip flat model when turning a vehicle with two steering axles]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 2 (285), pp. 34–45. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-2-34-45. (In Russian)
Received:
2020.11.11
Published:
2021.06.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). One of the main stages in the design of special purpose vehicles is the calculation of the steering control. At that, engineers are guided by a number of regulatory documents that lack one of the most important requirements, which is to minimize tire lateral slip. The author notes the lack of scientific research in the field of geometric slip, which is caused by the non-соmpliance between the actual angles of wheels rotation and the calculated values for pure rolling and is an inherent property of any traditional steering linkage.
The purpose of the study was to develop a mathematical model of the steering drive of a special-purpose vehicle with two steering axles to assess the geometric and power slip.
Methodology and research methods. There is a known method for calculating the steering drive using trigonometric expressions, in particular the cosine theorem. The author proposed to use the coordinate-iterative method developed by him and based on the equation of the sphere, with the steering wheel rotation angle in the kinematic calculation of the steering drive as a differentiation step. The choice of the steering drive parameters according to the conditions of symmetry and minimization of slip was carried out by the method of multivariable optimization.
Results. In the course of the research, it was found that the choice of the characteristic of geometric non-compliance was a multi-parameter task, and changing one parameter led to the necessity of adjusting the others. If it was not possible to achieve zero geometric slip for all steered wheels, the task of optimizing the steering drive parameters was reduced to minimizing geometric or total slip. The value of the slip essentially depended on the selected differentiation step. When choosing the characteristic of geometric slip, it was necessary to observe the condition of the steering linkage symmetry when turning left and right. When the wheels were turned from the neutral position to the periphery, the power and geometric slip compensated each other, which led to the decrease of the total slip and tire wear.
The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development of a geometric slip model for a vehicle with two steerable axles, including a spatial model of the steering drive which allows to evaluate the influence of the geometric slip on the turn kinematics, as well as the mutual influence of geometric and power slip in order to select the steering drive optimal parameters of the multi-axle vehicle from the viewpoint of minimizing tire wear during curvilinear motion.
Practical significance. The research results must be taken into account in the development of steering drive and turning control systems for multi-axle special-purpose vehicles, including them in the educational process as well.
Key words:
special purpose vehicles
steering
elastic tire slip
coordinate method
iterative method
sphere equation
References:
1. Balakina E.V., Revin A.A., Zotov N.M. [Comparative evaluation of outcomes the determination of angles the withdrawal of an elastic wheel on deformation theory and theory of a nonlinear withdrawal]. Vestnik Moskovskogo avtomobilno-dorozhnogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta (MADI), 2006, no. 6, pp. 100–105. (In Russian)
2. Broulhiet G. La suspension de la direction de la voiture automobile: Schimmi et dandinement. Bulletin de la Société des ingénieurs civils de France, Paris, 1925, no. 78, pp. 540–554.
3. Becker G., Fromm H., Marunu H. Schwingungen in Automobillenkungen (“Shimmy”). Berlin: M. Krayn, 1931. 150 p.
4. Mitschke M. Dynamik der Kraftfahrzeuge. Berlin: Springer, 1972. 529 p.
5. Burckhardt M. Fahrwerktechnik: Radschlupf-Regelsysteme. Höchberg: Vogel, 1993. 432 p.
6. Pacejka H.B. The wheel shimmy phenomenon: A theoretical and experimental investigation with particular reference to the non-linear problem: Ph.D. thesis / Delft University of Technology. Delft, 1966. 192 p.
7. Pacejka H.B. Tire and vehicle dynamics, 3rd edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. 672 p.
8. Gladov G.I., Petrenko A.M. [Special vehicles: Theory: textbook. Ed. By Gladov G.I.]. Moscow, Akademkniga Publ., 2006. 215 p. (In Russian)
9. Bryanskiy Yu.A. et al. [Design of vehicles: textbook. Allowance. Ed. By Bryanskiy Yu.A.]. Moscow, MADI Publ., 1985. 119 p. (In Russian)
10. Vysotskii M.S., Dubovik D.A., Nikolaev Y.I. Mismatch of rotational kinematics of controllable truck wheels. Russian Engineering Research, 2010, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 989–994.
11. Lozyanov D.V., Pakhomov A.N., Aleksenko D.M. [Steering linkage with variable steering angles]. Patent RF, no. 2375230, 2008. (In Russian)
12. Balabin I.V. [A way of turning, providing a directionless rolling mode of tires of a two-axle mobile machine]. Patent RF, no. 2656983, 2017. (In Russian)
13. Sazonov I.S., Atamanov Yu.E., Turlay S.N. [Kinematics of а four-link steering trapezium and prognostication of its раrаmеtеrs]. Vestnik Belorussko-Rossiyskogo universiteta, 2007, no. 1 (14), pp. 40–46. (In Russian)
14. Gladov G.I., Presnyakov L.A. [To improve the accuracy of estimating the parameters of the wheel steering system of heavy-duty road trains]. Avtomobil’naya promyshlennost’, 2008, no. 12, pp. 19–22. (In Russian)
15. Malinovsky M.P. [Spatial model for determining the steering gear ratio]. Avtomobil’. Doroga. Infrastruktura, 2020, no. 3 (25), p. 12. (In Russian)
16. Malinovsky M.P. [Basic provisions of the theory of geometric slip]. Avtomobil’naya promyshlennost’, 2021, no. 1, pp. 19–23. (In Russian)
17. Antonov D.A. [Calculation of driving stability of multi-axle vehicles]. Moscow, Mashinostroenie Publ., 1984. 168 p. (In Russian)
Author(s):
Vdovin D.S., PhD (Eng), associate professor1
Chichekin I.V., PhD (Eng), associate professor1
Levenkov Ya.Yu., PhD (Eng), associate professor1
Fominykh A.B., PhD (Eng), associate professor1
Affiliated:
1Department “Wheeled vehicles”, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russian Federation
For citation:
Vdovin D.S., Chichekin I.V., Levenkov Ya.Yu., Fominykh A.B. [Development of a quadricycle dynamic mathematical model methodology to calculate early design stages loads on the frame and chassis]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 2 (285), pp. 46–57. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-2-46-57. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.04.02
Published:
2021.06.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). To create a competitive vehicle in modern conditions, it is important to be able to determine its power elements loads at the early stages of design. A vehicle dynamic mathematical models allows you to solve this problem.
The purpose of the study was to develop a dynamic mathematical model methodology of a quadricycle to determine its power elements loads under given operating conditions.
Methodology and research methods. The article presents a dynamic mathematical model of a wheeled vehicle (quadricycle) technique using a created mathematical model within a solids dynamics modeling program and a real object experimental study to verify the mathematical model with an example of the obtained frame strength calculation under computer simulation loads.
Scientific novelty and results. In the article the main stages of an utility quadricycle development and its dynamic mathematical model have been presented taking into account its design features and operating conditions. The main initial data necessary for creating an all-terrain vehicle dynamic mathematical model were identified. To confirm the developed dynamic model adequacy, a series of test site experiments was carried out. The obtained simulated results having been compared to the experimental data were highly convergent, which indicated the adequacy of the developed dynamic model of the ATV.
Practical significance. The technique presented in the article allows to carry out virtual experiments to determine the main structural elements loads for subsequent strength, optimization and durability calculations.
Key words:
strength analysis
quadricycle
load modes
finite element method
loads
load-carrying system
rigid bodies dynamics
virtual prototype
dynamic mathematical model
References:
1. [Parameters of the РМ 650-2 ATV]. Available at: http://go-rm.ru/rm650-2_data.html (accessed 01 April 2021). (In Russian)
2. Kushvid R.P. [Vehicle chassis. Design and elements of calculation: textbook]. Moscow, MGIU Publ., 2014. 555 p. (In Russian)
3. Afanas’ev B.A., Belousov B.N., Gladov G.I. et al. [Design of all-wheel drive vehicles: Textbook for universities: In 3 volumes. Ed. by Polungyan A.A.]. Moscow, BMSTU Publ., 2008. (In Russian)
4. Ryan R.R. ADAMS. In Supplement to Vehicle System Dynamics, 1993, vol. 22, pp. 144–152.
5. Kotiev G.O., Padalkin B.V., Kartashov A.B., Dyakov A.S. Designs and development of Russian scientific schools in the field of cross-country ground vehicles building. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2017, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1064–1071.
6. Gorelov V.A., Padalkin B.V., Chudakov O.I. [Mathematical model of linear motion on the deformable supporting surface of the two-link road train with an active semitrailer]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta im. N.E. Baumana. Seriya Mashinostroenie, 2017, no. 2 (113), pp. 121–138. (In Russian)
7. Dempsey M., Fish G., Juan Gabriel Delgado Beltran J.G.D. High fidelity multibody vehicle dynamics models for driver-in-the-loop simulators. Proceedings of the 11th International Modelica Conference September 21–23, 2015, Versailles, France, pp. 273–280.
8. Farid M.L. Fundamentals of multibody dynamics: theory and applications. Birkhauser, 2006.
9. Bremer H. Elastic Multibody Dynamics. Springer Science+Business Media, B.V., 2008.
10. Vdovin D.S., Chichekin I.V., Ryakhovskii O.A. Quad bike frame dynamic load evaluation using full vehicle simulation model. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, Vol. 589, Issue 1, Art. no. 012025.
11. Vdovin D.S., Chichekin I.V., Levenkov Ya.Yu. [Predicting the fatigue life of a semi-trailer suspension elements at the early stages of design]. Trudy NAMI, 2019, no. 2 (277), pp. 14–23. (In Russian)
12. Chichekin I.V., Levenkov Ya.Yu., Zuenkov P.I., Maksimov R.O. [The formation of the law of steering angle control to maintain a given vehicle trajectory]. Trudy NAMI, 2019, no. 3 (278), pp. 53–61. (In Russian)
Author(s):
Endachev D.V., PhD (Eng)
Executive Director for Information and Intelligent Systems1
Kutenev V.F., D.Sc. (Eng), professor
Chairman of the Expert Counci1, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation
Panchishny V.I., PhD (Eng)
leading expert of the Expert Council1
Affiliated:
1Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute” (FSUE “NAMI”), Moscow 125438, Russian Federation
For citation:
Endachev D.V., Kutenev V.F., Panchishny V.I. [On the prospects of hydrogen energy in transport]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 2 (285), pp. 58–73. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-2-58-73. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.06.01
Published:
2021.06.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). In recent years, attention to hydrogen as an alternative kind of transport fuel has been increasingly growing as hydrogen is considered to be capable of replacing petroleum traditional fuels. Moreover, it is believed that the use of hydrogen can solve the environmental problems of transport, reduce power plants energy driving costs and solve the problem of fossil resources depletion.
The purpose of the study was to analyze hydrogen as a possible alternative fuel, assess its advantages and disadvantages taking into account both the variety of its usage and power environmental and economic aspects of hydrogen production together with problems associated with its practical use.
Methodology and research methods. The analysis of hydrogen production has been carried out including its use as a possible fuel for motor vehicles.
Results. High energy consumption, environmental imperfection of hydrogen production processes and related problems of its storage, transportation, power units as well as of the scarcity of some necessary resources do not provide grounds for optimistic assessments of economic and environmental assessments of vehicles powered by hydrogen.
Practical significance. The existing problems of hydrogen production as a possible fuel for transport do not exclude the possibility of intensifying work in relation to this energy carrier and requires the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia and the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia to send additional resources to find more optimal and effective solutions to the problem of replacing fossil fuels in transport.
Key words:
hydrogen
fuel cell
energy carrier
electrolysis
steam-oxygen conversion
lithium-ion battery
References:
1. [Report of the Russian Federation “On modern problems of ensuring human safety during the operation of vehicles” at the 179th session of the World Forum on the development of requirements for the design of vehicles of the UNECE ITC (November 11–15, 2019)]. (In Russian)
2. [Official website of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation]. Available at: Minenergo.gov.ru (accessed 01 June 2021). (In Russian)
3. [Macroeconomic Review “Hydrogen Economy” – Prospects for the Transition to Alternative Energy Sources and Export Opportunities for Russia]. Available at: https://investvitrina.ru (accessed 01 June 2021). (In Russian)
4. Dyatel T. [Hydrogen at the gate. How Russia is trying to enter a new market]. Kommersant, no. 184, 08 October 2020, p. 10. (In Russian)
5. [Applications of hydrogen]. Available at: https://krasnodar.airtechnik.ru/blog/sfery-primenenija-vodoroda/ (accessed 01 June 2021). (In Russian)
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Author(s):
Ter-Mkrtich’yan G.G., D.Sc. (Eng)
head of department “Fuel Systems”1
Affiliated:
1Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute” (FSUE “NAMI”), Moscow 125438, Russian Federation
For citation:
Ter-Mkrtich’yan G.G. [Analysis of the vaporization processes in the vehicle fuel tank. New equation for determining the vapor amount]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 2 (285), pp. 74–86. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-2-74-86. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.03.09
Published:
2021.06.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Hydrocarbon emissions from vaporization tank fuel contribute significantly to the total emissions of hazardous substances from vehicles equipped with spark ignition engines. To meet the established standards for limiting hydrocarbon emissions caused by evaporation, all modern vehicles use fuel vapor recovery systems, the optimal parameters of which require the availability and application of mathematical models and methods for their determination.
The purpose of the research was to develop a model of vapor generation processes in the car fuel tank and a methodology for determining the main quantitative parameters of the vapor-air mixture.
Methodology and research methods. The analysis of the processes of vapor generation in the fuel tank was carried out. It was shown that the mass of hydrocarbons generated in the steam space was directly proportional to its volume and did not depend on the amount of fuel in the tank.
Scientific novelty and results. New analytical dependences of the vaporization amount on the saturated vapor pressure, barometric pressure, initial fuel temperature and fuel heating during parking have been obtained.
Practical significance. A formula was obtained to estimate the temperature of gasoline boiling starting in the tank, depending on the altitude above sea level and the volatility of gasoline, determined by the pressure of saturated vapors. Using the new equations, the vaporization analysis in real situations (parking, idling, refueling, explosive concentration of vapors) was carried out.
Key words:
fuel tank
evaporative emission control system (EVAP)
vaporization
evaporation
boiling
Reid vapor pressure
References:
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Author(s):
Skripko L.A., PhD (Eng)
head of the Sector Hybridization and Electrification of Vehicles1
Affiliated:
1Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute” (FSUE “NAMI”), Moscow 125438, Russian Federation
For citation:
Skripko L.A. [On the fuzzy logic controller development for a hybrid hydrogen vehicle]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 2 (285), pp. 87–92. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-2-87-92. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.04.08
Published:
2021.06.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The ability to combine the advantages of hydrogen fuel cells and lithium batteries in a hybrid electric vehicle is a fundamental challenge in the development of highly efficient, environmentally friendly transportation. At the same time, the coordinated operation of onboard sources requires the creation of complex control algorithms for all involved power supply and power consumption systems.
The purpose of the research was to study the practical applicability of fuzzy logic algorithms when creating a fuel cells battery controller.
Methodology and research methods. The study used modern mathematical methods for processing the controller input signals of a hydrogen vehicle hybrid power unit and generating output control signals to provide the most optimal control modes for a fuel cells battery.
Scientific novelty and results. The proposed approach, based on the use of fuzzy logic algorithms, has made it possible to control the fuel cell battery power ensuring its efficient operation as part of a vehicle hybrid electric drive. The analysis of the obtained results indicated the effectiveness of the method.
Practical significance. The proposed algorithms make it possible to develop and implement advanced hydrogen power systems controllers for a vehicle.
Key words:
fuzzy logic
controller
fuel cells
hybrid vehicle
lithium battery
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